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The individual owning this blog works for Oracle in Germany. The opinions expressed here are his own, are not necessarily reviewed in advance by anyone but the individual author, and neither Oracle nor any other party necessarily agrees with them.
Tracing ZFS
Tuesday, January 10. 2012
Y13.0.0.0.0 problem
Sunday, January 1. 2012
Okay … it's 2012 … and according to some people the world will end this year. However what's really happening? It's the mayan version of the Y2038 problem. While the signed 32 bit integer will send us to the 70ies on 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038, the same happens on 22. December 2012. The mayan calender will send us from 13.0.0.0.0 to 0.0.0.0.0. And sorry, there is more potential in the Y2038 problem to kill us all as in the mayan calendar because nobody used the mayan calendar in embedded systems for nuclear weapons, nuclear power stations, isolation fields for strangelets created in the LHC ( 
) , air traffic control. With 32 bit signed integer i'm not so sure
) , air traffic control. With 32 bit signed integer i'm not so sure
Simulating the cloud - a practical example.
Wednesday, December 28. 2011
Work in Progress - this entry will change often in the next days and weeks
A few days^H^H^H^Hweeks ago, i wrote about simulating the cloud that is most often tagged with the name "network" or "intranet" and sometimes "internet" . This would not be c0t0d0s0.org without an article to explain how you can configure this. This article will explain how you simulate a complete network on a single host with routers, switches, dynamic routing protocols and so on
At first i want to set the expectations right. I don't want to simulate a cloud in the sense of cloud computing here. I'm thinking about something more complex:
I'm talking about the simulation of this cloud, that often hides a lot of complexities and traps in architectural diagrams.
This article uses a invisible feature. You don't see that it's there because it isn't in the man page, it isn't in the help output of the
Why i'm writing about this "feature" here? Because it's useful. Because there are a multitude of hints that this function exists. All of them are public. The zonestat documentation mentions a "simnet" type at docs.oracle.com and from there you are just a google away from the PSARC case 2009/200. And the source code at src.opensolaris.org shows it as well. From there it's just curiosity to find everything else out that is used in this text.
I stumbled the first time over this command when i searched for something in the dladm source at src.opensolaris.org. A month ago my former colleague Brian Utterback remembered me of this and i though "let's check if this is still working". And to my astonishment it still worked.
Writing this article takes virtually forever. Because of my broken ankle i took painkillers and that made me somewhat drownsy. And this drownsyness slowed down everything. Thus i decided to create this article under your observation to get it finally out of the door. Thus it's work in progress.
I just write about simnet. What are simnets? I just want to point you to the PSARC case for indepth information. It's available on opensolaris.org in the caselog. But in short: Simnets are simulated networks. It's a mechanism to test networking protocols. And in this example we will use it exactly for this purpose. Testing networking.
Okay, let's assume you are admin of FUBAR Inc. You want to recreate your network in a box. You have offices in Hamburg, London, Singapore, New York and San Francisco. In each office you have a multi-legged router, connecting to a switch for the internal network with servers an clients, the other interfaces of the switch are connecting to the other routers. As an image says more than 1000 words i will just summarize the network with this figure.
Of course the and the servers will be zones. However we have to recreate the network topology as well. And that's the point where we use the the simnet non-feature.
We need a the switches in our offices first. Those are really easy to configure
Now i need some switchports. At first i create some switch ports in order to connect the switch to the router.
Now i create some additional switchports to connect servers.
Ports meant for the bridge are nice, however they should be connected with the bridge.
Let's now create all the interfaces we need for the routers.
And of course we need interfaces for all the servers
Now we have to create logical cables … lots of them. At first the routers with their switches.
Uff … on the networking side this is all.
The active configuration should look something like that ...
Okay, now we have to create the zones.
We create a lot of controlfiles first. With this controlfiles we will feed
Whois is wondering about the sfo and sin IATA shorthands that i've used instead of the long names in other "cities". Quagga doesn't seem to like interface names longer than 16 characters.
Okay. Now we have to create all the zones. That's easy. As i said, i will just feed the control files into
Okay, at first we install the template zone. We do a full install here. and that's pretty much the only purpose … to have one installed baseline zone as providing the starting point for all other zones. This may take a while. Depending on your system you may opt for a coffee or two.
We never boot this one, it's just to ease the next steps.
Okay, now we prepare the real zones. You don't have to to the next steps, however they relief you from login into each zones and going to the same dialog windows. We will use a simple trick to circumvent the need to go through each sysconfig dialog in each router we will use a simple trick. You can create a xml file containing the necessary data and pass it to the cloning of the zone.
Important: I want to make the resulting xml file as generic as possible, thus i won't configure networking via this process, albeit this is possible. As it's a CUI, i will guide you through this dialog with some pictures.
After leaving the last screen, you should yield a file with content similar to this:
Before you ask, the password for radmin and root is n0mn0mn0m. And the jamphfhn just stands for "just a meaningless placeholder for hostname".
Okay, i will create another template zone. This is because a routing zone will have some special properties that a zone acting as a server doesn't need and i don't want such properties in the server zones.
At first i just take the template.xml script and substitute the hostname. I could simply do it via vi, but for a tutorial a simple shell line is more efficient.
I use the newly created file as an input for the zone clone command.
As the system just creates a zfs clone the command should return after a small period of time. Now we can log into the console of the zone with zlogin.
I wrote earlier, that the template for the router contains some additional stuff. At first i need a telnet client. It will get obvious why i need it later on:
Okay, now let's install quagga. Quagga is a suite of daemons to implement dynamic routing protocols:
Okay, now we have to configure some basics that are equal to all the router in the network.
At first we activate forwarding. With this activation, you enable the operating system to accept packets on one interface
Okay, now we have to do some quagga configurations. I want to use quagga with OSPF, so there are two important services for me. Zebra and ospf. Zebra is the layer, that the quagga suite used to interact with the system. Why is it called Zebra? I assume it's history, the old GNU routing protocol daemon suite was called zebra, quagga is the follow-on project as zebra is now a defunct software development project. What do we configure here.
Both daemons offer a command line for interfaction with the daemon. We configure both just to react from 127.0.0.1 (aka localhost). The zebra daemon has it's console on port 2602, the ospf daemon listens on port 2601. And this both ports are the reason we need telnet on our routers. You access the consoles via telnet.
With this command we tell Solaris to use ospf as the routing protocol for ipv4 purposes.
Now we have to activate the new setting
You should now get some weired SMF error messages that some services couldn't start up. that's normal because there are no configuration files available for the quagga suite. Don't think about it, just shut the zone down now.
Okay, now we have derived our template for the router zones from the generic template for zones. We use this template for installing all the router zones now.
Okay, i just wrote about quagga config files. I want to prepare them now in order to be able just to copy them into the zones before starting them up and thus to circumvent the error messages. We need a lot of them.
Put something like this into the file
A few days^H^H^H^Hweeks ago, i wrote about simulating the cloud that is most often tagged with the name "network" or "intranet" and sometimes "internet" . This would not be c0t0d0s0.org without an article to explain how you can configure this. This article will explain how you simulate a complete network on a single host with routers, switches, dynamic routing protocols and so on
Scope
At first i want to set the expectations right. I don't want to simulate a cloud in the sense of cloud computing here. I'm thinking about something more complex:
I'm talking about the simulation of this cloud, that often hides a lot of complexities and traps in architectural diagrams.
A word of caution first
This article uses a invisible feature. You don't see that it's there because it isn't in the man page, it isn't in the help output of the
dladm command. But it's there. It's the commands dladm create/modify-simnet. As it's undocumented i assume it just can disappear without any notice, because it's not there. Don't complain here when it disappears, don't complain at Oracle. Of course no support. You know the game. Consider it as an artifact. As a diagnosis socket labeled "Only for factory use". Consider it as the testing wiring existing in every technical product that's just use for the testing when the product leaves the factory. Never ever use it in production.Why i'm writing about this "feature" here? Because it's useful. Because there are a multitude of hints that this function exists. All of them are public. The zonestat documentation mentions a "simnet" type at docs.oracle.com and from there you are just a google away from the PSARC case 2009/200. And the source code at src.opensolaris.org shows it as well. From there it's just curiosity to find everything else out that is used in this text.
About this article
I stumbled the first time over this command when i searched for something in the dladm source at src.opensolaris.org. A month ago my former colleague Brian Utterback remembered me of this and i though "let's check if this is still working". And to my astonishment it still worked.
Writing this article takes virtually forever. Because of my broken ankle i took painkillers and that made me somewhat drownsy. And this drownsyness slowed down everything. Thus i decided to create this article under your observation to get it finally out of the door. Thus it's work in progress.
simnet
I just write about simnet. What are simnets? I just want to point you to the PSARC case for indepth information. It's available on opensolaris.org in the caselog. But in short: Simnets are simulated networks. It's a mechanism to test networking protocols. And in this example we will use it exactly for this purpose. Testing networking.
Okay, let's assume you are admin of FUBAR Inc. You want to recreate your network in a box. You have offices in Hamburg, London, Singapore, New York and San Francisco. In each office you have a multi-legged router, connecting to a switch for the internal network with servers an clients, the other interfaces of the switch are connecting to the other routers. As an image says more than 1000 words i will just summarize the network with this figure.
Configuring it
Of course the and the servers will be zones. However we have to recreate the network topology as well. And that's the point where we use the the simnet non-feature.
We need a the switches in our offices first. Those are really easy to configure
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-bridge london
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-bridge hamburg
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-bridge singapore
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-bridge newyork
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-bridge sanfrancisco
Now i need some switchports. At first i create some switch ports in order to connect the switch to the router.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonsw1_255
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sanfranciscosw1_255
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet newyorksw1_255
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw1_255
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet singaporesw1_255
Now i create some additional switchports to connect servers.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonsw1_1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonsw1_2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw1_1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet singaporesw1_1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet newyorksw1_1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sanfranciscosw1_1
Ports meant for the bridge are nice, however they should be connected with the bridge.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm add-bridge -l londonsw1_1 -l londonsw1_2 -l londonsw1_255 london
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm add-bridge -l hamburgsw1_1 -l hamburgsw1_255 hamburg
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm add-bridge -l singaporesw1_1 -l singaporesw1_255 singapore
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm add-bridge -l sanfranciscosw1_1 -l sanfranciscosw1_255 sanfrancisco
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm add-bridge -l newyorksw1_1 -l newyorksw1_255 newyork
Let's now create all the interfaces we need for the routers.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonrouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgrouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgrouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgrouter3
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet newyorkrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet newyorkrouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sinrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sinrouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sinrouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sforouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sforouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sforouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sforouter3
And of course we need interfaces for all the servers
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonsrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet londonsrv2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet hamburgsrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet singaporesrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet sanfranciscosrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm create-simnet newyorksrv1
Now we have to create logical cables … lots of them. At first the routers with their switches.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p londonsw1_255 londonrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgsw1_255 hamburgrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p singaporesw1_255 sinrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p newyorksw1_255 newyorkrouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p sanfranciscosw1_255 sforouter0
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgrouter1 londonrouter1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p sforouter1 hamburgrouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p sinrouter1 hamburgrouter3
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p sforouter3 sinrouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p newyorkrouter1 sforouter2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgsw1_1 hamburgsrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p singaporesw1_1 singaporesrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p newyorksw1_1 newyorksrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p londonsw1_1 londonsrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p londonsw1_2 londonsrv2
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# dladm modify-simnet -p sanfranciscosw1_1 sanfranciscosrv1
Uff … on the networking side this is all.
The active configuration should look something like that ...
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm show-link
LINK CLASS MTU STATE OVER
net1 phys 1500 unknown --
net2 phys 1500 up --
net0 phys 1500 unknown --
london0 bridge 1500 up londonsw1_1 londonsw1_2 londonsw1_255
hamburg0 bridge 1500 up hamburgsw1_1 hamburgsw1_255
singapore0 bridge 1500 up singaporesw1_1 singaporesw1_255
newyork0 bridge 1500 up newyorksw1_1 newyorksw1_255
sanfrancisco0 bridge 1500 up sanfranciscosw1_1 sanfranciscosw1_255
londonsw1_255 simnet 1500 up londonrouter0
sanfranciscosw1_255 simnet 1500 up sforouter0
newyorksw1_255 simnet 1500 up newyorkrouter0
hamburgsw1_255 simnet 1500 up hamburgrouter0
singaporesw1_255 simnet 1500 up sinrouter0
londonsw1_1 simnet 1500 up londonsrv1
londonsw1_2 simnet 1500 up londonsrv2
hamburgsw1_1 simnet 1500 up hamburgsrv1
singaporesw1_1 simnet 1500 up singaporesrv1
newyorksw1_1 simnet 1500 up newyorksrv1
sanfranciscosw1_1 simnet 1500 up sanfranciscosrv1
londonrouter0 simnet 1500 up londonsw1_255
londonrouter1 simnet 1500 up hamburgrouter1
hamburgrouter0 simnet 1500 up hamburgsw1_255
hamburgrouter1 simnet 1500 up londonrouter1
hamburgrouter2 simnet 1500 up sforouter1
hamburgrouter3 simnet 1500 up sinrouter1
newyorkrouter0 simnet 1500 up newyorksw1_255
newyorkrouter1 simnet 1500 up sforouter2
sinrouter0 simnet 1500 up singaporesw1_255
sinrouter1 simnet 1500 up hamburgrouter3
sinrouter2 simnet 1500 up sforouter3
sforouter0 simnet 1500 up sanfranciscosw1_255
sforouter1 simnet 1500 up hamburgrouter2
sforouter2 simnet 1500 up newyorkrouter1
sforouter3 simnet 1500 up sinrouter2
londonsrv1 simnet 1500 up londonsw1_1
londonsrv2 simnet 1500 up londonsw1_2
hamburgsrv1 simnet 1500 up hamburgsw1_1
singaporesrv1 simnet 1500 up singaporesw1_1
sanfranciscosrv1 simnet 1500 up sanfranciscosw1_1
newyorksrv1 simnet 1500 up newyorksw1_1
Zone Creation
Okay, now we have to create the zones.
mkdir -p /opt/cloudsimulation/zones
zfs create rpool/zones
zfs set mountpoint=/zones rpool/zones
We create a lot of controlfiles first. With this controlfiles we will feed
zonecfg later on. I created the /opt/cloudsimulation/zones directory to hold them. Of course it's useful to have an own ZFS filesystem in order to enable the zone creation process to simply copy the data needed by a zone by creating a clone of a filesystem./opt/cloudsimulation/zones/templateservercreate -b set zonepath=/zones/templateserver set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/londonrouter:create -b set zonepath=/zones/londonrouter set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=londonrouter0 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=londonrouter1 end
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/hamburgroutercreate -b set zonepath=/zones/hamburgrouter set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=hamburgrouter0 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=hamburgrouter1 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=hamburgrouter2 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=hamburgrouter3 end
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/singaporerouter:create -b set zonepath=/zones/singaporerouter set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sinrouter0 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sinrouter1 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sinrouter2 end
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/sanfranciscorouter:create -b set zonepath=/zones/sanfranciscorouter set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sforouter0 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sforouter1 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sforouter2 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=sforouter3 end
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/newyorkrouter:create -b set zonepath=/zones/newyorkrouter set brand=solaris set autoboot=false set ip-type=exclusive add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=newyorkrouter0 end add net set configure-allowed-address=true set physical=newyorkrouter1 end
Whois is wondering about the sfo and sin IATA shorthands that i've used instead of the long names in other "cities". Quagga doesn't seem to like interface names longer than 16 characters.
Okay. Now we have to create all the zones. That's easy. As i said, i will just feed the control files into
zonecfg with the -f option.root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z templateserver -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/templateserver
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z templaterouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/templaterouter
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z londonrouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/londonrouter
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z singaporerouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/singaporerouter
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z hamburgrouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/hamburgrouter
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z sanfranciscorouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/sanfranciscorouter
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z newyorkrouter -f /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/newyorkrouter
Okay, at first we install the template zone. We do a full install here. and that's pretty much the only purpose … to have one installed baseline zone as providing the starting point for all other zones. This may take a while. Depending on your system you may opt for a coffee or two.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z templateserver install
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T184237Z.templateserver.install
Image: Preparing at /zones/templateserver/root
Install Log: /system/volatile/install.4469/install_log
AI Manifest: /tmp/manifest.xml.oBayTi
SC Profile: /usr/share/auto_install/sc_profiles/enable_sci.xml
Zonename: templateserver
Installation: Starting ...
Creating IPS image
Installing packages from:
solaris
origin: http://pkg.oracle.com/solaris/release/
DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB)
Completed 167/167 32062/32062 175.8/175.8
PHASE ACTIONS
Install Phase 44313/44313
PHASE ITEMS
Package State Update Phase 167/167
Image State Update Phase 2/2
Installation: Succeeded
Note: Man pages can be obtained by installing pkg:/system/manual
done.
Done: Installation completed in 1423,641 seconds.
Next Steps: Boot the zone, then log into the zone console (zlogin -C)
to complete the configuration process.
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/templateserver/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T184237Z.templateserver.installWe never boot this one, it's just to ease the next steps.
Okay, now we prepare the real zones. You don't have to to the next steps, however they relief you from login into each zones and going to the same dialog windows. We will use a simple trick to circumvent the need to go through each sysconfig dialog in each router we will use a simple trick. You can create a xml file containing the necessary data and pass it to the cloning of the zone.
Important: I want to make the resulting xml file as generic as possible, thus i won't configure networking via this process, albeit this is possible. As it's a CUI, i will guide you through this dialog with some pictures.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# sysconfig create-profile -o template.xml
After leaving the last screen, you should yield a file with content similar to this:
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml
<!DOCTYPE service_bundle SYSTEM "/usr/share/lib/xml/dtd/service_bundle.dtd.1">
<service_bundle type="profile" name="sysconfig">
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/config-user">
<instance enabled="true" name="default">
<property_group type="application" name="root_account">
<propval type="astring" name="login" value="root"/>
<propval type="astring" name="password" value="$5$35worB11$/EeCnO5t2zOHhasRQeWeVyWuGLFFUFLQGmOhKPX82m2"/>
<propval type="astring" name="type" value="role"/>
</property_group>
<property_group type="application" name="user_account">
<propval type="astring" name="login" value="radmin"/>
<propval type="astring" name="password" value="$5$XztZ799F$GVL48echivvJcPl.BRcVvnn3/M8Z7L6LhmyVPP04J/2"/>
<propval type="astring" name="type" value="normal"/>
<propval type="astring" name="description" value="routeradm"/>
<propval type="count" name="gid" value="10"/>
<propval type="astring" name="shell" value="/usr/bin/bash"/>
<propval type="astring" name="roles" value="root"/>
<propval type="astring" name="profiles" value="System Administrator"/>
<propval type="astring" name="sudoers" value="ALL=(ALL) ALL"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/timezone">
<instance enabled="true" name="default">
<property_group type="application" name="timezone">
<propval type="astring" name="localtime" value="UTC"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/environment">
<instance enabled="true" name="init">
<property_group type="application" name="environment">
<propval type="astring" name="LANG" value="C"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/identity">
<instance enabled="true" name="node">
<property_group type="application" name="config">
<propval type="astring" name="nodename" value="jamphfhn"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/keymap">
<instance enabled="true" name="default">
<property_group type="system" name="keymap">
<propval type="astring" name="layout" value="German"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="system/console-login">
<instance enabled="true" name="default">
<property_group type="application" name="ttymon">
<propval type="astring" name="terminal_type" value="sun-color"/>
</property_group>
</instance>
</service>
<service version="1" type="service" name="network/physical">
<instance enabled="true" name="default">
<property_group type="application" name="netcfg"/>
</instance>
</service>
</service_bundle>
Before you ask, the password for radmin and root is n0mn0mn0m. And the jamphfhn just stands for "just a meaningless placeholder for hostname".
Okay, i will create another template zone. This is because a routing zone will have some special properties that a zone acting as a server doesn't need and i don't want such properties in the server zones.
At first i just take the template.xml script and substitute the hostname. I could simply do it via vi, but for a tutorial a simple shell line is more efficient.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/templaterouter/ > templaterouter.xml
I use the newly created file as an input for the zone clone command.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z templaterouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/templaterouter.xml templateserver
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T193101Z.templaterouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/templaterouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T193101Z.templaterouter.clone
As the system just creates a zfs clone the command should return after a small period of time. Now we can log into the console of the zone with zlogin.
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z templaterouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C templaterouter
[Connected to zone 'templaterouter' console]
Hostname: unknown
Hostname: templaterouter
templaterouter console login: radmin
Password:
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@templaterouter:~$
radmin@templaterouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 19:36:33 templaterouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin#
I wrote earlier, that the template for the router contains some additional stuff. At first i need a telnet client. It will get obvious why i need it later on:
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# pkg install pkg://solaris/network/telnet
Packages to install: 1
Create boot environment: No
Create backup boot environment: No
DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB)
Completed 1/1 8/8 0.1/0.1
PHASE ACTIONS
Install Phase 22/22
PHASE ITEMS
Package State Update Phase 1/1
Image State Update Phase 2/2
Okay, now let's install quagga. Quagga is a suite of daemons to implement dynamic routing protocols:
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# pkg install quagga
Packages to install: 1
Create boot environment: No
Create backup boot environment: No
Services to change: 3
DOWNLOAD PKGS FILES XFER (MB)
Completed 1/1 89/89 2.7/2.7
PHASE ACTIONS
Install Phase 132/132
PHASE ITEMS
Package State Update Phase 1/1
Image State Update Phase 2/2
Loading smf(5) service descriptions: 2/2
Okay, now we have to configure some basics that are equal to all the router in the network.
At first we activate forwarding. With this activation, you enable the operating system to accept packets on one interface
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -e ipv4-forwarding
ipv4-routing tells the system to startup routing protocol daemons. When you have a default router configured it's disabled, when there isn't one this setting is enabled per default.
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -e ipv4-routing
Okay, now we have to do some quagga configurations. I want to use quagga with OSPF, so there are two important services for me. Zebra and ospf. Zebra is the layer, that the quagga suite used to interact with the system. Why is it called Zebra? I assume it's history, the old GNU routing protocol daemon suite was called zebra, quagga is the follow-on project as zebra is now a defunct software development project. What do we configure here.
Both daemons offer a command line for interfaction with the daemon. We configure both just to react from 127.0.0.1 (aka localhost). The zebra daemon has it's console on port 2602, the ospf daemon listens on port 2601. And this both ports are the reason we need telnet on our routers. You access the consoles via telnet.
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -m zebra:quagga vty_port="2602"
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -m ospf:quagga vty_port="2601"
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -m zebra:quagga vty_address="127.0.0.1"
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -m ospf:quagga vty_address="127.0.0.1"
With this command we tell Solaris to use ospf as the routing protocol for ipv4 purposes.
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -s routing-svcs=ospf:quagga -e ipv4-routing
Now we have to activate the new setting
root@templaterouter:/home/radmin# routeadm -u
You should now get some weired SMF error messages that some services couldn't start up. that's normal because there are no configuration files available for the quagga suite. Don't think about it, just shut the zone down now.
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# zoneadm -z templaterouter halt
Okay, now we have derived our template for the router zones from the generic template for zones. We use this template for installing all the router zones now.
Okay, i just wrote about quagga config files. I want to prepare them now in order to be able just to copy them into the zones before starting them up and thus to circumvent the error messages. We need a lot of them.
- London
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/zebra.london.confhostname londonrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/zebra.log line vty
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/ospfd.london.confhostname londonrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/ospf.log ! ! ! interface lo0 ! interface londonrouter0 ! interface londonrouter1 ! router ospf redistribute connected network 10.1.1.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 ! line vty !
- Hamburg
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/zebra.hamburg.confhostname hamburgrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/zebra.log line vty
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/ospfd.hamburg.confhostname hamburgrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/ospf.log ! ! ! interface lo0 ! interface hamburgrouter0 ! interface hamburgrouter1 ! interface hamburgrouter2 ! interface hamburgrouter3 ! router ospf redistribute connected network 10.1.1.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.2.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.3.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 ! line vty !
- Singapore
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/zebra.singapore.conf! ! Zebra configuration saved from vty ! 2011/12/12 20:20:13 ! hostname sinrouter password nomnomnom enable password nomnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/zebra.log ! interface lo0 ! line vty !
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/ospfd.singapore.confpassword nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/ospf.log ! interface lo0 ! interface sinrouter0 ! interface sinrouter1 ! interface sinrouter2 ! router ospf redistribute connected network 10.1.2.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.4.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 ! line vty !
- San Francisco
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/zebra.sanfrancisco.confhostname sforouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/zebra.log line vty
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/ospfd.sanfrancisco.conf! ! Zebra configuration saved from vty ! 2011/12/11 04:30:44 ! hostname sforouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/ospf.log ! ! ! interface lo0 ! interface sforouter0 ! interface sforouter1 ! interface sforouter2 ! interface sforouter3 ! router ospf redistribute connected network 10.1.5.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.4.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 network 10.1.3.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 ! line vty !
- New York
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/zebra.newyork.confhostname newyorkrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/zebra.log line vty
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/ospfd.newyork.conf! ! Zebra configuration saved from vty ! 2011/12/11 04:30:44 ! hostname newyorkrouter password nomnomnom enable password nonnomnom log file /var/adm/quagga/ospf.log ! ! ! interface lo0 ! interface newyorkrouter0 ! interface newyorkrouter1 ! router ospf redistribute connected network 10.1.5.0/24 area 0.0.0.0 ! line vty !
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/londonrouter/ > londonrouter.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z londonrouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/londonrouter.xml templaterouter
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T205338Z.londonrouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/londonrouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T205338Z.londonrouter.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp zebra.london.conf /zones/londonrouter/root/etc/quagga/zebra.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp ospfd.london.conf /zones/londonrouter/root/etc/quagga/ospfd.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z londonrouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C londonrouter
[Connected to zone 'londonrouter' console]
londonrouter console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sat Dec 17 19:35:39 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@londonrouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 20:57:58 londonrouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin#
# ipadm create-ip londonrouter0
# ipadm create-ip londonrouter1
# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.10.254/24 londonrouter0/v4
# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.1.254/24 londonrouter1/v4
# svcadm restart zebra
# svcadm restart ospf
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin# dladm show-link
LINK CLASS MTU STATE OVER
londonrouter0 simnet 1500 up ?
londonrouter1 simnet 1500 up ?
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm show-addr
ADDROBJ TYPE STATE ADDR
lo0/v4 static ok 127.0.0.1/8
londonrouter0/v4 static ok 10.0.10.254/24
londonrouter1/v4 static ok 10.1.1.254/24
lo0/v6 static ok ::1/128
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2601
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to londonrouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al
User Access Verification
Password:
londonrouter> show ip ospf interface
lo0 is up
ifindex 1, MTU 8232 bytes, BW 0 Kbit
OSPF not enabled on this interface
londonrouter0 is up
ifindex 3, MTU 1500 bytes, BW 0 Kbit
OSPF not enabled on this interface
londonrouter1 is up
ifindex 2, MTU 1500 bytes, BW 0 Kbit
Internet Address 10.1.1.254/24, Area 0.0.0.0
MTU mismatch detection:enabled
Router ID 10.1.1.254, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 10.1.1.254, Interface Address 10.1.1.254
No backup designated router on this network
Multicast group memberships: OSPFAllRouters OSPFDesignatedRouters
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10s, Dead 40s, Wait 40s, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 2.263s
Neighbor Count is 0, Adjacent neighbor count is 0
londonrouter> exit
Connection to londonrouter closed by foreign host.
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2602
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to londonrouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
londonrouter> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
C>* 10.0.10.0/24 is directly connected, londonrouter0
O 10.1.1.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, londonrouter1, 00:04:28
C>* 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, londonrouter1
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo0
londonrouter>exit
root@londonrouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'londonrouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/hamburgrouter/ > hamburgrouter.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z hamburgrouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/hamburgrouter.xml templaterouter
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T212009Z.hamburgrouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/hamburgrouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T212009Z.hamburgrouter.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp ospfd.hamburg.conf /zones/hamburgrouter/root/etc/quagga/ospfd.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp zebra.hamburg.conf /zones/hamburgrouter/root/etc/quagga/zebra.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z hamburgrouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C hamburgrouter
[Connected to zone 'hamburgrouter' console]
Hostname: hamburgrouter
hamburgrouter console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sat Dec 17 19:35:39 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@hamburgrouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 21:23:45 hamburgrouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin#
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip hamburgrouter0
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip hamburgrouter1
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip hamburgrouter2
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip hamburgrouter3
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.11.254/24 hamburgrouter0/v4
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.1.1/24 hamburgrouter1/v4
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.3.1/24 hamburgrouter2/v4
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.2.1/24 hamburgrouter3/v4
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# svcadm restart ospf
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ipadm show-addr
ADDROBJ TYPE STATE ADDR
lo0/v4 static ok 127.0.0.1/8
hamburgrouter0/v4 static ok 10.0.11.254/24
hamburgrouter1/v4 static ok 10.1.1.1/24
hamburgrouter2/v4 static ok 10.1.3.1/24
hamburgrouter3/v4 static ok 10.1.2.1/24
lo0/v6 static ok ::1/128
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# netstat -nr
Routing Table: IPv4
Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface
-------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ---------- ---------
10.0.10.0 10.1.1.254 UG 1 0
10.0.11.0 10.0.11.254 U 2 0 hamburgrouter0
10.1.1.0 10.1.1.1 U 3 9 hamburgrouter1
10.1.2.0 10.1.2.1 U 2 0 hamburgrouter3
10.1.3.0 10.1.3.1 U 2 0 hamburgrouter2
127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 2 0 lo0
Routing Table: IPv6
Destination/Mask Gateway Flags Ref Use If
--------------------------- --------------------------- ----- --- ------- -----
::1 ::1 UH 2 0 lo0
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin#
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2602
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to hamburgrouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
hamburgrouter> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
O>* 10.0.10.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.1.254, hamburgrouter1, 00:01:04
C>* 10.0.11.0/24 is directly connected, hamburgrouter0
O 10.1.1.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, hamburgrouter1, 00:01:09
C>* 10.1.1.0/24 is directly connected, hamburgrouter1
O 10.1.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, hamburgrouter3, 00:01:09
C>* 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, hamburgrouter3
O 10.1.3.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, hamburgrouter2, 00:01:09
C>* 10.1.3.0/24 is directly connected, hamburgrouter2
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo0
hamburgrouter> exit
Connection to hamburgrouter closed by foreign host.
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin#
root@hamburgrouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'hamburgrouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/singaporerouter/ > singaporerouter.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z singaporerouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/singaporerouter.xml templaterouter
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T223455Z.singaporerouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/singaporerouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T223455Z.singaporerouter.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp ospfd.singapore.conf /zones/singaporerouter/root/etc/quagga/ospfd.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp zebra.singapore.conf /zones/singaporerouter/root/etc/quagga/zebra.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z singaporerouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C singaporerouter
[Connected to zone 'singaporerouter' console]
singaporerouter console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sat Dec 17 19:35:39 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@singaporerouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 22:37:58 singaporerouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
ipadm create-ip sinrouter0
ipadm create-ip sinrouter1
ipadm create-ip sinrouter2
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.12.254/24 sinrouter0/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.2.254/24 sinrouter1/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.4.1/24 sinrouter2/v4
root@singaporerouter:/home/radmin# svcadm restart zebra
root@singaporerouter:/home/radmin# svcadm restart ospf
root@singaporerouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2602
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to singaporerouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
sinrouter> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
O>* 10.0.10.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.2.1, sinrouter1, 00:00:34
O>* 10.0.11.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.2.1, sinrouter1, 00:00:34
C>* 10.0.12.0/24 is directly connected, sinrouter0
O>* 10.1.1.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.2.1, sinrouter1, 00:00:35
O 10.1.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, sinrouter1, 00:00:44
C>* 10.1.2.0/24 is directly connected, sinrouter1
O>* 10.1.3.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.2.1, sinrouter1, 00:00:35
O 10.1.4.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, sinrouter2, 00:00:44
C>* 10.1.4.0/24 is directly connected, sinrouter2
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo0
sinrouter> exit
Connection to singaporerouter closed by foreign host.
root@singaporerouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'singaporerouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/sanfranciscorouter/ > sanfranciscorouter.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z sanfranciscorouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/sanfranciscorouter.xml templaterouter
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T224355Z.sanfranciscorouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/sanfranciscorouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T224355Z.sanfranciscorouter.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp ospfd.sanfrancisco.conf /zones/sanfranciscorouter/root/etc/quagga/ospfd.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp zebra.sanfrancisco.conf /zones/sanfranciscorouter/root/etc/quagga/zebra.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z sanfranciscorouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C sanfranciscorouter
[Connected to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console]
sanfranciscorouter console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sat Dec 17 19:35:39 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@sanfranciscorouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 22:46:49 sanfranciscorouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
ipadm create-ip sforouter0
ipadm create-ip sforouter1
ipadm create-ip sforouter2
ipadm create-ip sforouter3
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.13.254/24 sforouter0/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.3.254/24 sforouter1/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.5.1/24 sforouter2/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.4.254/24 sforouter3/v4
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2602
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to sanfranciscorouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
sforouter> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
O>* 10.0.10.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.3.1, sforouter1, 00:00:25
O>* 10.0.11.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.3.1, sforouter1, 00:00:25
O>* 10.0.12.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.4.1, sforouter3, 00:00:25
C>* 10.0.13.0/24 is directly connected, sforouter0
O>* 10.1.1.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.3.1, sforouter1, 00:00:26
O>* 10.1.2.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.3.1, sforouter1, 00:00:26
* via 10.1.4.1, sforouter3, 00:00:26
O 10.1.3.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, sforouter1, 00:00:26
C>* 10.1.3.0/24 is directly connected, sforouter1
O 10.1.4.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, sforouter3, 00:00:35
C>* 10.1.4.0/24 is directly connected, sforouter3
O 10.1.5.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, sforouter2, 00:00:35
C>* 10.1.5.0/24 is directly connected, sforouter2
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo0
sforouter> exit
Connection to sanfranciscorouter closed by foreign host.
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/newyorkrouter/ > newyorkrouter.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z newyorkrouter clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/newyorkrouter.xml templaterouter
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T225139Z.newyorkrouter.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/newyorkrouter/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111217T225139Z.newyorkrouter.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp ospfd.newyork.conf /zones/newyorkrouter/root/etc/quagga/ospfd.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cp zebra.newyork.conf /zones/newyorkrouter/root/etc/quagga/zebra.conf
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z newyorkrouter boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C newyorkrouter
[Connected to zone 'newyorkrouter' console]
newyorkrouter console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sat Dec 17 19:35:39 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@newyorkrouter:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 17 22:54:33 newyorkrouter sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
ipadm create-ip newyorkrouter0
ipadm create-ip newyorkrouter1
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.14.0/24 newyorkrouter0/v4
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.1.5.254/24 newyorkrouter1/v4
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# telnet localhost 2602
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to newyorkrouter.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello, this is Quagga (version 0.99.8).
Copyright 1996-2005 Kunihiro Ishiguro, et al.
User Access Verification
Password:
newyorkrouter> show ip route
Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
O>* 10.0.10.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:22
O>* 10.0.11.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:22
O>* 10.0.12.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:22
O>* 10.0.13.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:22
C>* 10.0.14.0/24 is directly connected, newyorkrouter0
O>* 10.1.1.0/24 [110/30] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:23
O>* 10.1.2.0/24 [110/30] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:23
O>* 10.1.3.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:23
O>* 10.1.4.0/24 [110/20] via 10.1.5.1, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:23
O 10.1.5.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, newyorkrouter1, 00:00:25
C>* 10.1.5.0/24 is directly connected, newyorkrouter1
C>* 127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo0
newyorkrouter> exit
Connection to newyorkrouter closed by foreign host.
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'newyorkrouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C newyorkrouter
[Connected to zone 'newyorkrouter' console]
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin#
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin#
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# ping 10.0.10.254
10.0.10.254 is alive
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# traceroute 10.0.10.254
traceroute: Warning: Multiple interfaces found; using 10.1.5.254 @ newyorkrouter1
traceroute to 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.1.5.1 (10.1.5.1) 0.116 ms 0.083 ms 0.038 ms
2 10.1.3.1 (10.1.3.1) 0.072 ms 0.048 ms 0.041 ms
3 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254) 0.065 ms 0.077 ms 0.047 ms
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C sanfranciscorouter
[Connected to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console]
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin#
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin#
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ipadm disable-if sforouter1
ipadm: persistent operation not supported for disable-if
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ipadm disable-if -t sforouter1
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ~.
bash: ~.: command not found
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C newyorkrouter
[Connected to zone 'newyorkrouter' console]
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# traceroute 10.0.10.254
traceroute: Warning: Multiple interfaces found; using 10.1.5.254 @ newyorkrouter1
traceroute to 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.1.5.1 (10.1.5.1) 0.114 ms 0.141 ms 0.132 ms
2 10.1.4.1 (10.1.4.1) 0.072 ms 0.046 ms 0.041 ms
3 10.1.2.1 (10.1.2.1) 0.065 ms 0.066 ms 0.048 ms
4 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254) 0.073 ms 0.068 ms 0.052 ms
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'newyorkrouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones#
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C sanfranciscorouter
[Connected to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console]
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin#
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ipadm enable-if -t sforouter1
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin#
root@sanfranciscorouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'sanfranciscorouter' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones#
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C newyorkrouter
[Connected to zone 'newyorkrouter' console]
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# traceroute 10.0.10.254
traceroute: Warning: Multiple interfaces found; using 10.1.5.254 @ newyorkrouter1
traceroute to 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.1.5.1 (10.1.5.1) 0.361 ms 0.044 ms 0.037 ms
2 10.1.3.1 (10.1.3.1) 0.061 ms 0.046 ms 0.042 ms
3 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254) 0.070 ms 0.052 ms 0.048 ms
root@newyorkrouter:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'newyorkrouter' console closed]
Put something like this into the file
/opt/cloudsimulation/zones/londonsrv1
zonecfg -z londonsrv1 export
create -b
set zonepath=/zones/londonsrv1
set brand=solaris
set autoboot=false
set ip-type=exclusive
add net
set configure-allowed-address=true
set physical=londonsrv1
end
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/londonsrv1/ > londonsrv1.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z londonsrv1 -f londonsrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z londonsrv1 clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/londonsrv1.xml templateserver
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111218T043435Z.londonsrv1.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/londonsrv1/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111218T043435Z.londonsrv1.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z londonsrv1 boot
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zlogin -C londonsrv1
[Connected to zone 'londonsrv1' console]
londonsrv1 console login: radmin
Password:
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@londonsrv1:~$ sudo bash
Password:
Dec 18 04:53:49 londonsrv1 sudo: radmin : TTY=console ; PWD=/home/radmin ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/bin/bash
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip londonsrv1
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.10.10/24 londons
rv1/v4
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# route -p add default 10.0.10.254
add net default: gateway 10.0.10.254
add persistent net default: gateway 10.0.10.254
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# ping 10.0.10.254
10.0.10.254 is alive
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# traceroute 10.0.13.254
traceroute to 10.0.13.254 (10.0.13.254), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.0.10.254 (10.0.10.254) 0.238 ms 0.051 ms 0.044 ms
2 10.1.1.1 (10.1.1.1) 0.098 ms 0.057 ms 0.053 ms
3 10.0.13.254 (10.0.13.254) 0.072 ms 0.059 ms 0.061 ms
root@londonsrv1:/home/radmin# ~.
[Connection to zone 'londonsrv1' console closed]
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat template.xml | sed s/jamphfhn/newyorksrv1/ > newyorksrv1.xml
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# cat londonsrv1 | sed s/londonsrv1/newyorksrv1/ > newyorksrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# vi newyorksrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zonecfg -z newyorksrv1 -f newyorksrv1
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z newyorksrv1 clone -c /opt/cloudsimulation/zones/newyorksrv1.xml templateserver
A ZFS file system has been created for this zone.
Progress being logged to /var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111218T050558Z.newyorksrv1.clone
Log saved in non-global zone as /zones/newyorksrv1/root/var/log/zones/zoneadm.20111218T050558Z.newyorksrv1.clone
root@cloudinabox:/opt/cloudsimulation/zones# zoneadm -z newyorksrv1 boot
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# zlogin -C newyorksrv1
[Connected to zone 'newyorksrv1' console]
newyorksrv1 console login: radmin
Password:
Last login: Sun Dec 18 05:38:10 on console
Oracle Corporation SunOS 5.11 11.0 November 2011
radmin@newyorksrv1:~$ sudo bash
Password:
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin# ipadm create-ip newyorksrv1
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin# ipadm create-addr -T static -a 10.0.14.10/24 new
yorksrv1/v4
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin# route -p add default 10.0.14.254
add net default: gateway 10.0.14.254
add persistent net default: gateway 10.0.14.254
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin# ping 10.0.14.254
10.0.14.254 is alive
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin# traceroute 10.0.10.10
traceroute to 10.0.10.10 (10.0.10.10), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
1 10.0.14.254 (10.0.14.254) 0.132 ms 0.051 ms 0.044 ms
2 10.1.5.1 (10.1.5.1) 0.068 ms 0.085 ms 0.058 ms
3 10.1.3.1 (10.1.3.1) 0.070 ms 0.057 ms 0.054 ms
4 10.1.1.254 (10.1.1.254) 0.110 ms 0.063 ms 0.058 ms
5 10.0.10.10 (10.0.10.10) 0.085 ms 0.069 ms 0.065 ms
root@newyorksrv1:/home/radmin#
Switches for Hamburg-MAN
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw1_250
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw1_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw2_250
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw2_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw3_250
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-simnet hamburgsw3_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgsw2_250 hamburgsw1_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgsw3_250 hamburgsw2_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm modify-simnet -p hamburgsw1_250 hamburgsw3_251
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-bridge hamburgharbour
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm create-bridge hamburgairport
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm add-bridge -l hamburgsw1_250 -l hamburgsw1_251 hamburg
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm add-bridge -l hamburgsw2_250 -l hamburgsw2_251 hamburgairport
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm add-bridge -l hamburgsw3_250 -l hamburgsw3_251 hamburgharbour
root@cloudinabox:/home/jmoekamp# dladm show-bridge -l hamburgharbour
LINK STATE UPTIME DESROOT
hamburgsw3_250 fo
Simulating that clould
Saturday, December 10. 2011
In the past i wrote quite often about a thing that i call systemic features, when features start to fit together seamlessly in order to create possibilities more than the sum of the features. One of the systemic features is the simulation of the cloud. I don't talk about that thing that most people connect in mind with the word cloud (the grid with a credit card checkout ), but the cloud-like icon in many architectural diagrams called "Network" or "Internet" that sits between the client and the application that often resembles the "a wonder happens here" box in many architectures.
It's not new: I talked about this mid November at the DOAG conference in Nuremberg. And i've playing around with this at customers an privately for a while now.
Many customers have networks as large and as complex as the internet part of a smaller country perhaps 15 years ago. The interesting question is: How can you test your application for it's resiliency against failures in this cloud shaped icon. How does your application react, when your network is doing its high availability magic.
And interestingly Solaris 11 can help you here. The thoughts behind this are pretty simple.
When i'm combining all this features i can set up a vast array of zones doing nothing else taking each incoming packet on a interface, routing it on a multitude of ways between each other, and send it out on a outgoing interface. Even when the system in your environment are placed in many separate networks of your network you can still use a system with many networking cards or something called server-on-a-stick (single high-bandwidth connection to a vlan-trunking capable switch and using the switch ports as a fan-out).
So in order to emulate a complex corporate network, all i have to do is configuring a lot of etherstubs, configuring many vnics, replicate the physical bandwidths with the maxbw setting on the vnics, set up a lot of zones, perhaps translate the ACL of the routers into firewall rules for firewall functionality of Solaris, installting the routing daemons and configure it similar to the configuration of the routers (in regard of timeouts and so on).
Now i can test, how my applications react, when the network starts to converge against a new topology because of the failures of some lines. I can test, to which topology my network will converge after an line outage (which is nothing more than a deny-all firewall rule). I can test the impact, when the network converges that way, that my traffic flows over a 2 MBit/s line instead of a 155 MBit/s line. For even more complex failure modes i can even use the htbx driver to introduce additional latencies, packet drop or packet reorderung as shown in this article. In essence you can emulate your complete internal network in a single box and with Zones and Crossbow in Solaris 11 it's so low overhead (at the end it is still just one kernel) that you can really emulate the reality and not a simplyfied view, as you don't have emulate via separate hardware or many independent operating system instances in virtual machines.
At the end you could simply use a single Solaris system, put it between all your test systems and use this solaris system as a emulation device for your corporate network. It's simulating the cloud-shaped icon in your architectural diagrams.
), but the cloud-like icon in many architectural diagrams called "Network" or "Internet" that sits between the client and the application that often resembles the "a wonder happens here" box in many architectures.It's not new: I talked about this mid November at the DOAG conference in Nuremberg. And i've playing around with this at customers an privately for a while now.
Many customers have networks as large and as complex as the internet part of a smaller country perhaps 15 years ago. The interesting question is: How can you test your application for it's resiliency against failures in this cloud shaped icon. How does your application react, when your network is doing its high availability magic.
And interestingly Solaris 11 can help you here. The thoughts behind this are pretty simple.
- A router is a computer that runs an operating environment that is tailormade to do network stuff, but at the end it's a computer with a OS (yeah, i know, hardware offloading makes this a little bit more complex, but at the end it's that way)
- A zone is a virtual operating environment.
- Each zone can have it's own set of routes.
- Each zone can have it's own set of firewall rules.
- Each zone can have it's own set of processes.
- Routing protocols are not more than processes collecting information from the network and configuring the routing table.
- You can install a vast array of dynamic routing protocols on a zone.
- I can have up to 8192 zones (given enough memory)
- In Solaris 11 i can emulate switches (etherstubs)
- I can limit bandwidths in Solaris 11 out-of-the-box with crossbow
When i'm combining all this features i can set up a vast array of zones doing nothing else taking each incoming packet on a interface, routing it on a multitude of ways between each other, and send it out on a outgoing interface. Even when the system in your environment are placed in many separate networks of your network you can still use a system with many networking cards or something called server-on-a-stick (single high-bandwidth connection to a vlan-trunking capable switch and using the switch ports as a fan-out).
So in order to emulate a complex corporate network, all i have to do is configuring a lot of etherstubs, configuring many vnics, replicate the physical bandwidths with the maxbw setting on the vnics, set up a lot of zones, perhaps translate the ACL of the routers into firewall rules for firewall functionality of Solaris, installting the routing daemons and configure it similar to the configuration of the routers (in regard of timeouts and so on).
Now i can test, how my applications react, when the network starts to converge against a new topology because of the failures of some lines. I can test, to which topology my network will converge after an line outage (which is nothing more than a deny-all firewall rule). I can test the impact, when the network converges that way, that my traffic flows over a 2 MBit/s line instead of a 155 MBit/s line. For even more complex failure modes i can even use the htbx driver to introduce additional latencies, packet drop or packet reorderung as shown in this article. In essence you can emulate your complete internal network in a single box and with Zones and Crossbow in Solaris 11 it's so low overhead (at the end it is still just one kernel) that you can really emulate the reality and not a simplyfied view, as you don't have emulate via separate hardware or many independent operating system instances in virtual machines.
At the end you could simply use a single Solaris system, put it between all your test systems and use this solaris system as a emulation device for your corporate network. It's simulating the cloud-shaped icon in your architectural diagrams.
Dance the quicksort
Wednesday, October 5. 2011
I think with a few words as an introduction and this video everybody should understand Quicksort. They just dance the algorithm:
Nice example for the power of boot environments
Tuesday, October 4. 2011
There is a nice example of the power of boot environment. Boot environments are something like snapshots of your operating system installation made writeable. As you may already assume, they are based on ZFS snapshots and the clone functionality. This is possible due to the usage of ZFS as the root filesystem.
So: Please don't try this at home. Whey you try it, don't try it on any Solaris 11 Express installation of any value. But don't try it. I don't want to hear any story. that you've deleted your ERP system by accident because you used the wrong terminal window. Leave that to trained professional stunt admins with the right equipment (Solaris 11 Express)
Assume you have a system, configured with all your application, everything is running fine. So you think it would be nice to have something like a freezed state of this situation. No problem. This command will do the trick.
When you reboot your system you will see it as a new entry in the grub menu.
Okay, but boot into the old environment starting "Oracle Solaris ..." first by selecting it in the grub menu (it should be already selected, or you used
Okay ... on a normal system this would send you to the tapes. With Solaris 11: Reset the system. Boot into the boot environment "rescuenet" via selecting it in grub.
Tada! Just creating a boot environment with a single command after a config change may safe your butt later .... and btw ... this even works in zones ... they know the concepts of boot environment,too.
So: Please don't try this at home. Whey you try it, don't try it on any Solaris 11 Express installation of any value. But don't try it. I don't want to hear any story. that you've deleted your ERP system by accident because you used the wrong terminal window. Leave that to trained professional stunt admins with the right equipment (Solaris 11 Express)
Assume you have a system, configured with all your application, everything is running fine. So you think it would be nice to have something like a freezed state of this situation. No problem. This command will do the trick.
# beadm create rescuenet
# init 6
When you reboot your system you will see it as a new entry in the grub menu.
Okay, but boot into the old environment starting "Oracle Solaris ..." first by selecting it in the grub menu (it should be already selected, or you used
beadm activate already. Now i will drop the atomic bomb on your installation. # rm --no-preserve-root -rf /
Okay ... on a normal system this would send you to the tapes. With Solaris 11: Reset the system. Boot into the boot environment "rescuenet" via selecting it in grub.
Tada! Just creating a boot environment with a single command after a config change may safe your butt later .... and btw ... this even works in zones ... they know the concepts of boot environment,too.
How to activate IPoIB Connected mode in Solaris 10 Update 9
Monday, October 3. 2011
-f
Tuesday, September 20. 2011
Hunting red herrings
Monday, August 15. 2011
Sometimes you “know” the problem from the first moment. But sometimes your feeling in the gut results in something that is perceived as a large change, so you have to find the smoking gun, the undeniable proof for your hypothesis.
This is the story of such a search. It started with a telephone call of a colleague. He got my name from another colleague. An Oracle database running on a Solaris system, the datafiles and logs are located on a Veritas File System. The customer saw massive delays (in the range of hundreds of seconds) when excuting certain commands. One of the commands was “truncate table”.
In this case the thread is trying to execute something on a semaphore, but it wasn’t able to do so. However the semtimedop is timebombed. When the timeout is reached without being able to execute on the semaphore , it terminates with error 11. All the timeouts were consistent with the waiting time seen from the SQL commands perspective.
Obviously the customer and other involved parties were tempted to see this as the problem, but already thought that this may be just the harbinger of bad news. And after a short look into the truss files, I was pretty sure that they were right with their doubts in regard of passing the . It was just the harbinger of bad news.
After a short amount of research I suspected, that we were talking about a locking problem here. There was just a problem: vxfs. At first I worked seldomly with it, thus it’s not really my center of expertise.
One point that diverted the attention of the customer from the locking stuff is a small but important difference: The customer knew that Oracle likes Direct I/O. With UFS the "Direct I/O" is doing a little bit more than just making the I/O direct by disabling buffering. It also removes the inode r/w lock mandated by POSIX rules.The customer knew about UFS Direct I/O that and thus activated Direct I/O on vxfs. And thus I found lines like
However i stil suspected a lock contention problem, and had a reason for it: Direct I/O isn't the same with vxfs than it's in UFS. In vxfs Direct I/O is really just the direct part. It doesn't enable concurrent I/O (explain that moniker later) to a file. The removal of the inode r/w-lock isn't part of the feature. You have to use either Quick I/O (QIO) or the ODM module for vxfs. As both features weren't activated, that was the moment where i told the customer "Hey, choose the ODM module for vxfs or QIO, activate it and the problem should go away". Both remove that lock contention and thus are of big help in order to get better Oracle performance when using vxfs. Just to remove a misunderstanding: ODM (Oracle Disk Management) is an API in Oracle, not of Veritas. Oracles DNFS (direct NFS) is implemented via an ODM module as well.
The problem: You used to pay for both vxfs, neither of them is really cheap and before doing the change, the customer wanted to know that i was right with my diagnosis (according to the release notes, ODM and QIO are now part of the SF except in basic).
I wrote of two problems, but just wrote of one so far. Normally, finding out this inode rwlock contention problems are quite easy to find . But not in this case. vxfs is different than UFS in a multitude of ways. It doesn’t use the locking primitives of Solaris but has its own instead. And thus all values reported by prefered diagnosis tools were pretty useless. Damned … how should you find problems, when your instruments can’t show the problems. Without instrumentation troubleshooting is just guesswork and experience.
At this point a question on a mail alias (it’s great to have people on internal aliases, that have forgotten more about Solaris than I know) and some research via google yielded the same result in a few minutes of time:
The result was interesting, as it clearly showed a peak of 307 events in the range 34359738368 nanoseconds (34.36 seconds) to 68719476735 nanoseconds (68.72 seconds).
This was especially interesting as the same dtrace script didn't showed such a peak during times where the system ran flawlessly.
Okay ... well ... next step ... what parts of the system were executing this vxfs`vx_rwsleep_rec_lock function. I could have used dtrace for this task as well, but i wanted some additional insight in one step. Thus i used a nice little command of the modular debugger in Solaris:
The output is quite long on a loaded solaris system. It prints something like this for each thread:
So i did some grepsed-fu on it.
Each thread is now in a single line. Yeah … perhaps there is a more elegant way to do this, but that was the first that came into my mind
Just a quick check.
At the moment of the hang, 1008 processes were in
When you further dig down into the large heap of data:
From all this threads belonging to the
At that moment i thought: That isn't a smoking gun, that's a smoking howitzer.
In really basic rwlock implementations this can lead to writer starvation, as it's hard for the writer to get the lock, because all readers have to relinquish the rwlock and no new readers should start before the writer can get the lock. Out of this reason, the Solaris threads implementation tends to favour writers before readers. However when you have many writers, it may take a long time before the backlog of writes. Blindly prefering writers is not a solution as well, because then readers would starve which is even more problematic, because reads are always synchronous by nature. As i wrote at other locations. While a system can chose the time of an physical write to some extent, it can't chose the time of a read. A function won't execute as long the data isn't available. But that's out of scope of this article. For the capability to write and read in parallel to a file the name cocurrent I/O was coined.
I just wrote that it can take a moment before the backlog of writes has been executed. In this case it was even worse: The inode r/w lock adds insult to injury. Because basically the inode r/w lock limits you to just a single write I/O operation in parallel to a file, no matter how many HBA, how many disks you have in your system. And now you've made a while out of a moment. Even when the changes in the file are totally unrelated, e.g. changing a block belonging to the user table stored in it and another block in the article database or you want to read a block into the sga containing the customer database and writing the new salary for the promited assistant. You can't do this in parallel due to the inode rw lock. And with many updates in your workload it's not that astonishing that database writer threads start to twiddeling fingers in an increasing number in order to wait for their turn to write to the file.
You may ask yourself, why the heck there is such a mechanism. The r/w lock is something mandatory in order to be Posix compliant. You need it to ensure write ordering and consistent reads, when updates occur in parallel to read. Obviously you really want such a protection when working with files. However especially with databases a file is just a container for a large heap of things. Independent things. And things are now different.
Out of this reason there were some developments in the database realm to get rid of the inode rwlock and put this mechanism elsewere. Oracle allows you to use a raw disk, and so it has to do the consistent read and write ordering stuff anyways and as it’s aware of the inner structure of the heaps of data, it can do it with a much greater granularity than just per inode and thus per file. The inode r/w lock is just a bottleneck without any use in this case.
Out of this reason Direct I/O of UFS for example offers a mode that removes the lock. It's not the way, that those write ordering things or consistency protections are away. They are just in a layer that knows more about the structure inside the file and thus can do a better job at doing this job. vxfs knows similar mechanisms. QIO or ODM don't have such an inodewise locking. They are working differently compared with UFS direct I/O but as an earlier chancelor of the Federal Republic of Germany said: Outcome matters.
One question was still open. Why was this problem reproducible by a "TRUNCATE TABLE" command? That’s pretty easy however you have to dig deep into the internals of Oracle. When Oracle executes a TRUNCATE TABLE command, it checkpoints the database. In such a situation it writes all dirty blocks from the SGA into the database datafiles. This must be done for recovery purposes.
Such checkpointing may trigger a storm of writes via the database writer, especially when you have a SGA with a lot of dirty blocks. The checkpoint has to complete, before the TRUNCATE TABLE executes. And then we are at another red herring at the end: It's not the TRUNCATE TABLE command that was slow ... it's the checkpoint occuring before. You can check this pretty easy, when a "TRUNCATE TABLE" takes too long for your taste, trigger a checkpoint manually and do the TRUNCATE TABLE directly afterwards. TRUNCATE TABLE does still a checkpoint, but as you've already cleaned up the SGA from dirty buffers, it doesn't have to do much writing. It should run much faster now.
So: The solution for the issue? It's as old as it's easy. Getting rid of the inode rwlock. Get concurrent I/O: Either by using raw disks, by using ASM, by using UFS or by using ODM or QIO for vxfs. I just can reiterate something i've already said: When you put your Oracle database file into a filesystem, you want to use direct I/O and concurrent I/O!
This is the story of such a search. It started with a telephone call of a colleague. He got my name from another colleague. An Oracle database running on a Solaris system, the datafiles and logs are located on a Veritas File System. The customer saw massive delays (in the range of hundreds of seconds) when excuting certain commands. One of the commands was “truncate table”.
A hypothesis - but the proof?
And in the beginning it started with a red herring.semtimedop(28, 0xFFFFFFFF7FFFD644, 1, 0xFFFFFFFF7FFFD630) Err#11 EAGAIN
In this case the thread is trying to execute something on a semaphore, but it wasn’t able to do so. However the semtimedop is timebombed. When the timeout is reached without being able to execute on the semaphore , it terminates with error 11. All the timeouts were consistent with the waiting time seen from the SQL commands perspective.
Obviously the customer and other involved parties were tempted to see this as the problem, but already thought that this may be just the harbinger of bad news. And after a short look into the truss files, I was pretty sure that they were right with their doubts in regard of passing the . It was just the harbinger of bad news.
After a short amount of research I suspected, that we were talking about a locking problem here. There was just a problem: vxfs. At first I worked seldomly with it, thus it’s not really my center of expertise.
One point that diverted the attention of the customer from the locking stuff is a small but important difference: The customer knew that Oracle likes Direct I/O. With UFS the "Direct I/O" is doing a little bit more than just making the I/O direct by disabling buffering. It also removes the inode r/w lock mandated by POSIX rules.The customer knew about UFS Direct I/O that and thus activated Direct I/O on vxfs. And thus I found lines like
/oracle/importantdatabase/oradata1 on /dev/vx/dsk/importantdatabase/oradata1 read/write/setuid/devices/mincache=direct/convosync=direct/delaylog/largefiles/ioerror=mwdisable/mntlock=VCS/dev=51836b0 on Thu Mar 17 20:14:11 2011However i stil suspected a lock contention problem, and had a reason for it: Direct I/O isn't the same with vxfs than it's in UFS. In vxfs Direct I/O is really just the direct part. It doesn't enable concurrent I/O (explain that moniker later) to a file. The removal of the inode r/w-lock isn't part of the feature. You have to use either Quick I/O (QIO) or the ODM module for vxfs. As both features weren't activated, that was the moment where i told the customer "Hey, choose the ODM module for vxfs or QIO, activate it and the problem should go away". Both remove that lock contention and thus are of big help in order to get better Oracle performance when using vxfs. Just to remove a misunderstanding: ODM (Oracle Disk Management) is an API in Oracle, not of Veritas. Oracles DNFS (direct NFS) is implemented via an ODM module as well.
The problem: You used to pay for both vxfs, neither of them is really cheap and before doing the change, the customer wanted to know that i was right with my diagnosis (according to the release notes, ODM and QIO are now part of the SF except in basic).
I wrote of two problems, but just wrote of one so far. Normally, finding out this inode rwlock contention problems are quite easy to find . But not in this case. vxfs is different than UFS in a multitude of ways. It doesn’t use the locking primitives of Solaris but has its own instead. And thus all values reported by prefered diagnosis tools were pretty useless. Damned … how should you find problems, when your instruments can’t show the problems. Without instrumentation troubleshooting is just guesswork and experience.
At this point a question on a mail alias (it’s great to have people on internal aliases, that have forgotten more about Solaris than I know) and some research via google yielded the same result in a few minutes of time:
vxfs`vx_rwsleep_rec_lock is the function waiting on/implementing the posix inode rw lock. Now I was back in the game and I was able to use all the nice things of the operating system i prefer.Digging in the dirt
I asked the customer to put a dtrace script into a script that is executed in the moment of the wait:bash-3.00# cat lock.d
tick-1s
/ i++ >= 60 /
{
exit(0);
}
fbt:vxfs:vx_rwsleep_rec_lock:entry
{
self->in = timestamp
}
fbt:vxfs:vx_rwsleep_rec_lock:return
/self->in/
{
@locked[stack()] = quantize(timestamp - self->in);
self->in = 0;
}
The result was interesting, as it clearly showed a peak of 307 events in the range 34359738368 nanoseconds (34.36 seconds) to 68719476735 nanoseconds (68.72 seconds).
vxfs`vx_write_common+0x2a8
vxfs`vx_write+0x28
genunix`fop_write+0x20
genunix`pwrite+0x22c
unix`syscall_trap+0xac
value ------------- Distribution ------------- count
512 | 0
1024 | 1
2048 |@@@@@ 160
4096 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 528
8192 |@@@@ 144
16384 |@@ 57
32768 | 0
65536 | 8
131072 | 0
262144 | 2
524288 | 1
1048576 | 4
2097152 | 7
4194304 | 8
8388608 | 13
16777216 |@ 23
33554432 |@ 25
67108864 |@ 23
134217728 | 1
268435456 | 0
536870912 | 0
1073741824 | 0
2147483648 | 0
4294967296 | 0
8589934592 | 0
17179869184 | 0
34359738368 |@@@@@@@@@ 307
68719476736 | 0
This was especially interesting as the same dtrace script didn't showed such a peak during times where the system ran flawlessly.
vxfs`vx_write_common+0x2a8
vxfs`vx_write+0x28
genunix`fop_write+0x20
genunix`pwrite+0x22c
unix`syscall_trap+0xac
value ------------- Distribution ------------- count
512 | 0
1024 | 3
2048 |@@@@@@@@ 77
4096 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 122
8192 |@@@@@@@@@ 89
16384 |@@@@@@@@ 77
32768 | 0
65536 | 0
131072 | 0
262144 | 0
524288 | 0
1048576 |@ 9
2097152 | 1
4194304 | 1
8388608 | 0
Okay ... well ... next step ... what parts of the system were executing this vxfs`vx_rwsleep_rec_lock function. I could have used dtrace for this task as well, but i wanted some additional insight in one step. Thus i used a nice little command of the modular debugger in Solaris:
# echo "::threadlist -v" | mdb -k The output is quite long on a loaded solaris system. It prints something like this for each thread:
ffffff02d153ce40 ffffff02cefdb540 ffffff02cefff1a0 1 59 ffffff02d153d01e
PC: _resume_from_idle+0xf1 CMD: /lib/svc/bin/svc.startd
stack pointer for thread ffffff02d153ce40: ffffff000f91ccc0
[ ffffff000f91ccc0 _resume_from_idle+0xf1() ]
swtch+0x145()
cv_wait_sig_swap_core+0x174()
cv_wait_sig_swap+0x18()
cv_waituntil_sig+0x13c()
lwp_park+0x157()
syslwp_park+0x31()
sys_syscall32+0xff()So i did some grepsed-fu on it.
echo "::threadlist -v" | mdb –k | sed 's:^$:§:' | tr -d '\n' | tr '§' '\n' > mdboutEach thread is now in a single line. Yeah … perhaps there is a more elegant way to do this, but that was the first that came into my mind
00000300646655e0 600a6796cb8 600d62e14d8 1 60 600e64f4520 PC: cv_wait+0x38 CMD: ora_dbwriter7_importantdatabase stack pointer for thread 300646655e0: 2a1075f4da1 [ 000002a1075f4da1 cv_wait+0x38() ] vx_rwsleep_rec_lock+0x70() vx_write_common+0x2a8() vx_write+0x28() fop_write+0x20() pwrite+0x22c() syscall_trap+0xac()Just a quick check.
# cat mdbout | grep "vx_rwsleep" | wc -l
1008
At the moment of the hang, 1008 processes were in
vxfs`vx_rwsleep_rec_lock. That was interesting. Even more interesting were the list of commands that had threads in the mentioned function. It's column 10 in the threadlist in it's concatenated form.# grep "vx_rwsleep_rec_lock" mdbout | tr -s ' ' | cut -d " " -f 10 | sort | uniq
ora_dbwriter1_importantdatabase
ora_dbwriter3_importantdatabase
ora_dbwriter5_importantdatabase
ora_dbwriter7_importantdatabase
When you further dig down into the large heap of data:
# grep "ora_dbwriter3_importantdatabase" mdbout | wc -l
258
# grep "ora_dbwriter3_importantdatabase" mdbout | grep -v "vx_rwsleep_rec_lock" | wc -l
7
From all this threads belonging to the
ora_dbwriter3_importantdatabase just seven weren't in the vx_rwsleep_rec_lock function.At that moment i thought: That isn't a smoking gun, that's a smoking howitzer.
An attempt to explain
Most threads excuting this function are part of the database writers. When you think about it, that's not so astonishing, especially when you think about the nature of an rwlock. At first: There is a rwlock for each inode in a filesystem. Their function: Multiple readers can get the lock and so they can read concurrently from the file, but just one writer is able to hold it and thus to write into the file. Equally important: You can't write to the file as long one or more readers is in the codepath protected by the rwlock for this file, and no one can read from the file as long there is a writer in protected codepath.In really basic rwlock implementations this can lead to writer starvation, as it's hard for the writer to get the lock, because all readers have to relinquish the rwlock and no new readers should start before the writer can get the lock. Out of this reason, the Solaris threads implementation tends to favour writers before readers. However when you have many writers, it may take a long time before the backlog of writes. Blindly prefering writers is not a solution as well, because then readers would starve which is even more problematic, because reads are always synchronous by nature. As i wrote at other locations. While a system can chose the time of an physical write to some extent, it can't chose the time of a read. A function won't execute as long the data isn't available. But that's out of scope of this article. For the capability to write and read in parallel to a file the name cocurrent I/O was coined.
I just wrote that it can take a moment before the backlog of writes has been executed. In this case it was even worse: The inode r/w lock adds insult to injury. Because basically the inode r/w lock limits you to just a single write I/O operation in parallel to a file, no matter how many HBA, how many disks you have in your system. And now you've made a while out of a moment. Even when the changes in the file are totally unrelated, e.g. changing a block belonging to the user table stored in it and another block in the article database or you want to read a block into the sga containing the customer database and writing the new salary for the promited assistant. You can't do this in parallel due to the inode rw lock. And with many updates in your workload it's not that astonishing that database writer threads start to twiddeling fingers in an increasing number in order to wait for their turn to write to the file.
You may ask yourself, why the heck there is such a mechanism. The r/w lock is something mandatory in order to be Posix compliant. You need it to ensure write ordering and consistent reads, when updates occur in parallel to read. Obviously you really want such a protection when working with files. However especially with databases a file is just a container for a large heap of things. Independent things. And things are now different.
Out of this reason there were some developments in the database realm to get rid of the inode rwlock and put this mechanism elsewere. Oracle allows you to use a raw disk, and so it has to do the consistent read and write ordering stuff anyways and as it’s aware of the inner structure of the heaps of data, it can do it with a much greater granularity than just per inode and thus per file. The inode r/w lock is just a bottleneck without any use in this case.
Out of this reason Direct I/O of UFS for example offers a mode that removes the lock. It's not the way, that those write ordering things or consistency protections are away. They are just in a layer that knows more about the structure inside the file and thus can do a better job at doing this job. vxfs knows similar mechanisms. QIO or ODM don't have such an inodewise locking. They are working differently compared with UFS direct I/O but as an earlier chancelor of the Federal Republic of Germany said: Outcome matters.
One question was still open. Why was this problem reproducible by a "TRUNCATE TABLE" command? That’s pretty easy however you have to dig deep into the internals of Oracle. When Oracle executes a TRUNCATE TABLE command, it checkpoints the database. In such a situation it writes all dirty blocks from the SGA into the database datafiles. This must be done for recovery purposes.
Such checkpointing may trigger a storm of writes via the database writer, especially when you have a SGA with a lot of dirty blocks. The checkpoint has to complete, before the TRUNCATE TABLE executes. And then we are at another red herring at the end: It's not the TRUNCATE TABLE command that was slow ... it's the checkpoint occuring before. You can check this pretty easy, when a "TRUNCATE TABLE" takes too long for your taste, trigger a checkpoint manually and do the TRUNCATE TABLE directly afterwards. TRUNCATE TABLE does still a checkpoint, but as you've already cleaned up the SGA from dirty buffers, it doesn't have to do much writing. It should run much faster now.
Conclusion
At the end i had to tell the customer, that in essence everything works as designed. It would be a bug, when the system would act just a little bit different differently. However that's seldom the answer a customer wants.So: The solution for the issue? It's as old as it's easy. Getting rid of the inode rwlock. Get concurrent I/O: Either by using raw disks, by using ASM, by using UFS or by using ODM or QIO for vxfs. I just can reiterate something i've already said: When you put your Oracle database file into a filesystem, you want to use direct I/O and concurrent I/O!
Migrating your notebook from a smaller to a larger disk
Thursday, July 21. 2011
Redirecting to your google+ profile
Sunday, July 17. 2011
A little change of queues
Wednesday, July 6. 2011
New Hivemind - Powermanagement
Sunday, July 3. 2011
+1
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